Learn More About the History of the United States Postal Service

Become familiar with the History of the United States Postal Service On July 26, 1775, individuals from the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, concurred . . . that a Postmaster General be designated for the United States, who will hold his office at Philadelphia, and will be permitted a compensation of 1,000 dollars for every annum . . . . That straightforward articulation flagged the introduction of the Post Office Department, the forerunner of the United States Postal Service and the second most established office or organization of the present United States of America. Pilgrim TimesIn early pioneer times, reporters relied upon companions, shippers, and Native Americans to convey messages between the provinces. Notwithstanding, most correspondence ran between the settlers and England, their homeland. It was largelyto handle this mail, in 1639, the principal official notification of a postal help in the settlements showed up. The General Court of Massachusetts assigned Richard Fairbanks bar in Boston as the official store of mail brought from or sent abroad, in accordance with the training in England and different countries to utilize cafés and bars as mail drops. Nearby specialists worked post courses inside the states. At that point, in 1673, Governor Francis Lovelace of New York set up a month to month post between New York and Boston. The administration was of brief length, yet the post riders trail got known as the Old Boston Post Road, some portion of todays U.S. Highway 1. William Penn set up Pennsylvanias first mail station in 1683. In the South, private delegates, generally slaves, associated the enormous manors; a hoard head of tobacco was the punishment for neglecting to transfer mail to the following estate. Focal postal association went to the states simply after 1691 when Thomas Neale got a 21-year award from the British Crown for a North American postal assistance. Neale never visited America. Rather, he designated Governor Andrew Hamilton of New Jersey as his Deputy Postmaster General. Neales establishment cost him just 80 pennies per year however was no deal; he passed on vigorously paying off debtors, in 1699, subsequent to doling out his inclinations in America to Andrew Hamilton and another Englishman, R. West. In 1707, the British Government purchased the rights toward the North American postal help from West and the widow of Andrew Hamilton. It at that point selected John Hamilton, Andrews child, as Deputy Postmaster General of America. He served until 1721 when he was prevailing by John Lloyd of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1730, Alexander Spotswood, a previous lieutenant legislative head of Virginia, became Deputy Postmaster General for America. His most outstanding accomplishment likely was the arrangement of Benjamin Franklin as postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737. Franklin was just 31 years of age at that point, the battling printer and distributer of The Pennsylvania Gazette. Later he would get one of the most well known men of his age. Two different Virginians succeeded Spotswood: Head Lynch in 1739 and Elliot Benger in 1743. When Benger kicked the bucket in 1753, Franklin and William Hunter, postmaster of Williamsburg, Virginia, were named by the Crown as Joint Postmasters General for the states. Tracker passed on in 1761, and John Foxcroft of New York succeeded him, serving until the flare-up of the Revolution. During his time as a Joint Postmaster General for the Crown, Franklin affected numerous significant and enduring upgrades in the frontier posts. He quickly started to redesign the administration, setting out on a long visit to assess post workplaces in the North and others as far south as Virginia. New reviews were made, achievements were set on head streets, and new and shorter courses spread out. Just because, post riders conveyed mail around evening time among Philadelphia and New York, with the movement time abbreviated by in any event half. In 1760, Franklin revealed an excess to the British Postmaster General , a first for the postal assistance in North America. At the point when Franklin left office, post streets worked from Maine to Florida and from New York to Canada, and mail between the provinces and the homeland worked on an ordinary calendar, with posted occasions. Also, to direct post workplaces and review accounts, the situation of assessor was made in 1772; this is viewed as the forerunner of todays Postal Inspection Service. By 1774, be that as it may, the homesteaders saw the regal mail station with doubt. Franklin was excused by the Crown for activities thoughtful to the reason for the provinces. Soon after, William Goddard, a printer and paper distributer (whose father had been postmaster of New London, Connecticut, under Franklin) set up a Constitutional Post for between provincial mail administration. Settlements financed it by membership, and net incomes were to be utilized to improve the postal help as opposed to be taken care of to the endorsers. By 1775, when the Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, Goddards provincial post was thriving, and 30 post workplaces worked between Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Williamsburg. Mainland Congress After the Boston revolts in September 1774, the provinces started to isolate from the homeland. A Continental Congress was sorted out at Philadelphia in May 1775 to build up a free government. One of the main inquiries before the representatives was the means by which to pass on and convey the mail. Benjamin Franklin, recently came back from England, was delegated director of a Committee of Investigation to build up a postal framework. The report of the Committee, accommodating the arrangement of a postmaster general for the 13 American settlements, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was designated Postmaster General, the main delegated under the Continental Congress; the foundation of the association that turned into the United States Postal Service almost two centuries later follows back to this date. Richard Bache, Franklins child in-law, was named Comptroller, and William Goddard was delegated Surveyor. Franklin served until November 7, 1776. Americas present Postal Service drops in a solid line from the framework he arranged and set in activity, and history legitimately concurs him significant credit for building up the premise of the postal help that has performed wonderfully for the American individuals. Article IX of the Articles of Confederation, endorsed in 1781, gave Congress The sole and selective right and force . . . building up and controlling post workplaces starting with one State then onto the next . . . also, demanding such postage on papers going through equivalent to might be essential to settle the costs of the said office . . . . The initial three Postmasters GeneralBenjamin Franklin, Richard Bache, and Ebenezer Hazardwere delegated by, and answered to, Congress. Postal laws and guidelines were updated and classified in the Ordinance of October 18, 1782. The Post Office Department Following the reception of the Constitution in May 1789, the Act of September 22, 1789 (1 Stat. 70), briefly settled a mail station and made the Office of the Postmaster General. On September 26, 1789, George Washington designated Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts as the primary Postmaster General under the Constitution. Around then there were 75 post workplaces and around 2,000 miles of post streets, in spite of the fact that as late as 1780 the postal staff comprised uniquely of a Postmaster General, a Secretary/Comptroller, three assessors, one Inspector of Dead Letters, and 26 post riders. The Postal Service was incidentally proceeded by the Act of August 4, 1790 (1 Stat. 178), and the Act of March 3, 1791 (1 Stat. 218). The Act of February 20, 1792, made nitty gritty arrangements for the Post Office. Resulting enactment amplified the obligations of the Post Office, reinforced and bound together its association, and gave rules and guidelines to its turn of events. Philadelphia was the seat of government and postal base camp until 1800. At the point when the Post Office moved to Washington, D.C., in that year, authorities had the option to convey every single postal record, furniture, and supplies in two pony drawn carts. In 1829, upon the greeting of President Andrew Jackson, William T. Barry of Kentucky turned into the primary Postmaster General to sit as an individual from the Presidents Cabinet. His forerunner, John McLean of Ohio, started alluding to the Post Office, or General Post Office as it was in some cases called, as the Post Office Department, yet it was not explicitly settled as an official division by Congress until June 8, 1872. Around this period, in 1830, an Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations was set up as the analytical and examination part of the Post Office Department. The leader of that office, P. S. Loughborough, is viewed as the primary Chief Postal Inspector.

Indo-Anglican Novel: Meena Shirwadkar Essay examples -- indian women

With the approach of the twentieth century, the adjustment in the sculpture and soul of ladies has been noted by sociologists. In post-autonomy India, when women’s instruction initiated, life had begun evolving. The spread of instruction instilled a feeling of uniqueness among ladies and stimulated an enthusiasm for their privileges. The early essayists introduced the customary kind (sita) yet the authors attempted to show the developing new lady. The new lady wouldn't like to lead an inactive wedded existence of a conciliatory and shadowy animal on the grounds that the instruction has developed her feeling of distinction. R.K.Narayanan depicts a wide scope of ladylike characters from ordinary to defiant. Mulk Raj Anand composed for the liberation of ladies. In addition women's activist patterns showed up not too far off and they clashed with the customary good code. The picture of lady in writing in ongoing decades is not quite the same as that of the past. Indian English fic tion authors during the most recent two many years of the twentieth century give a brief look into the female mind and manage a full scope of ladylike experience. An investigation of the ongoing Indian English fiction uncovers that the female heroes are very aware of their personality and are not, at this point quiet and accommodating. There is a stamped distinction in their mentality when contrasted with the depiction of lady in early writing. In ‘Images of lady in Indo-Anglican Novel’, Meena Shirwadkar claims the adjustments in Indian culture. Books have begun to advance from delineating ladies characters exclusively as exemplifications of torment and womanly uprightness as depicting increasingly perplexing just as genuine characters. In the ongoing years, this was taken to comprehend that composing was the main inclination made by ladies. Thereby of ex... ...ndian ladies authors advocates autonomy and confidence of ladies by portraying their characters as survivors who effectively bear torment both physical and enthusiastic. They should speak loudly against the brutalities and savagery which is brought about by the general public. They will in general reprimand the male overwhelming society which disheartens independence in ladies. Works Cited: Seshadri, Vijayalakshmi. The New ladies in India-English Women Writers Since the 1970. Delhi: B.R. Distributing Corporation. 1995. Lakshmi C.S. The Face behind the veil : Women in Tamil writing, Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division ,1984. Shirwadkar, Meena. ‘Image of Woman in Indo-Anglican Novel’, Sterling Publishers Pvt., Ltd., 1979. Dhawan, R.K. ed ‘Indian Literature Today’. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1994. Iyengar, K. R. S. ‘Indian Writing in English’ , New Delhi : Sterling Publication, 1985.

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The fact/statistic about our applicant pool this week is undergraduate major listed on the application.   50 majors fit into what I would call standard categories while number 4 is the other category. Category of undergraduate major is not particularly tied in any way to how we view an application.   If I would have applied to SIPA I would have been in the 7 slot, and my minor was number 3 . . . perhaps another reason I should have chosen SIPA over B school =) 1      Economics 2      International Affairs 3      Political Science 4      OTHER NOT LISTED 5      Business Administration 6      English 7      History 8      Finance 9      Government 10      Law 11      Engineering 12      Sociology 13      Journalism 14      Communications 15      Anthropology 16      Interdisciplinary 17      International Business 18      Psychology 19      Public Affairs 20      Philosophy 21      East Asian Studies 22      Biology 23      Spanish 24      Mathematics 25      French 26      Accounting 27      Regional Studies 28      Electrical Engineering Computer Science 29      Religion 30      Computer Science 31      Physics 32      Civil Engineering 33      Education 34      Russian 35      Latin American Studies 36      Urban Studies 37      Comparative Literature 38      German 39      Literature 40      American Studies 41      Fine Arts 42      Classics 43      Geography 44      Earth Environmental Engineering 45      Linguistics 46      Art History 47      Korean 48      Chemistry 49      Womens Studies 50      Japanese 51      Italian

Remotely Global Village West Africa By Charles Piot Essay

â€Å"Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa† by Charles Piot is a book based on the lives of the people of the remote village called Kabre located in Northern Togo. The author discusses the â€Å"vernacular modernity† of the people of Kabre village that has been influenced by a long tradition of encounters with outsiders that included the colonialists. The author provides an in-depth analysis with ethnographic details about the Kabre people as the author discusses a wide range of their culture and history that included houses and the structure of homestead, gender ideology, ritual like initiations, exchange system, and social relations (Piot 178). Piot discredits the Eurocentric analytical approaches that has been used by western anthropologist to analyze the culture of Kabre people. The reason Piot discredits the approach is that it is misleading. The author also provides a critical analysis of concept such as cosmopolitanism, globalization, modernity, an d tradition, redefining these concepts in a manner that deviates from the classical assumptions (Piot 178-180). The Kabre people originally occupied northern Togo, but during the colonial rule, they were mobilized and moved southwards for labor, and from that time onwards, the Kabre people have been migrating back and forth. They move to the south for material gain, and always go back to the north because the feeling of belonging (Piot 178-180). Members of the Kabre community who reside in the south often travel toShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes Gift Giving A Gift?1619 Words   |  7 Pagesanthropological studies, including Lisa Cliggett’s, â€Å"Gift Remitting and Alliance Building in Zambian Modernity: Old Answers to Modern Problems†, contrasted with the sociological studies by Charles Piot’s, â€Å"Exchange: Hierarchies of Value an Economy of Desire.† In Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa and Marcel Mauss, â€Å"The Gift: The Form and Reaso n for Exchange in Archaic Societies† I will be able to analyses and delve deeper into the mechanics of economy of the urban workers’ remittance

alcohol Essay examples - 805 Words

Alcoholism, chronic and usually progressive illness involving the excessive inappropriate ingestion of ethyl alcohol, whether in the form of familiar alcoholic beverages or as a constituent of other substances. Alcoholism is thought to arise from a combination of a wide range of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors. It is characterized by an emotional and often physical dependence on alcohol, and it frequently leads to brain damage or early death. Some 10 percent of the adult drinkers in the United States are considered alcoholics or at least they experience drinking problems to some degree. More males than females are affected, but drinking among the young and among women is increasing. Consumption of alcohol is†¦show more content†¦Initially, the alcoholic may demonstrate a high tolerance to alcohol, consuming more and showing less adverse effects than others. Subsequently, however, the person begins to drink against his or her own best interests, as a lcohol comes to assume more importance than personal relationships, work, reputation, or even physical health. The person commonly loses control over drinking and is increasingly unable to predict how much alcohol will be consumed on a given occasion or, if the person is currently abstaining, when the drinking will resume again. Physical addiction to the drug may occur, sometimes eventually leading to drinking around the clock to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Effects Alcohol has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive drinking may further complicate matters. Advanced cases often require hospitalization. The effects on major organ systems are cumulative and include a wide range of digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged. Blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremors may occur. The latter symptoms are involved in the most serious alcohol withdrawal syndrome, delirium tremens, which can proveShow MoreRelatedAlcohol : Alcohol And Alcohol Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagestopic for class is alcohol. Alcohol is defined as â€Å"Chemically, a compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group; in common usage, a beverage made from fermented fruits, vegetables, or grains and containing ethanol.â €  (From the book pg GL-1) Ethanol is defined as â€Å"A specific alcohol compound (C2H5OH) formed from the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and used in a variety of alcoholic beverages.† (From the book pg GL-4) Definition of proof is â€Å"A measure of the alcohol content of a liquid;Read MoreAlcohol And Its Effects On Alcohol1403 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Alcohol has long been a subject of controversy. Long before man understood the indications and contraindications of alcohol there has been laws against this drug. Classifying alcohol as a drug may not be suited for a majority of the population because people like to partake in drinking. Imbibing in alcohol is a tradition in many parts of the country. We use alcohol for celebrations, traditions, socialization and combining food flavors with specific alcohols. Forgetting that too much canRead MoreAlcohol Benefits And Harmfulness : Alcohol995 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol Benefits and Harmfulness According to one of the BBC news, â€Å"A car travelling at high speed driven by a suspected drunk driver has crashed into a crowd of spectators during a university parade in the US state of Oklahoma, killing four people and injuring 44 others, police say.† Drunk driving is that the driver operated a motor vehicle unconsciously on account of excessive ethanol intake and it’s easily to cause an accident. Hence, as a growing number of adults have involved in severely drunkRead MoreAlcohol : Alcohol And Alcohol3289 Words   |  14 PagesEnglish 12 January 28, 2015 Alcohol Issues Alcohol is a drink that has been used differently around the world. Alcohol not only plays a role in religion in the present, it also plays a role in the past. Alcohol has been made with honey and juice for thousands of years. There was a type of alcohol that was made in early China around 7000 B.C. In India, there was alcohol called sura and this was used between 2000 and 3000 B.C. and this beverage was made from condensed rice. Alcohol could also be made fromRead MoreAlcohol At Sporting Events And Alcohol2088 Words   |  9 Pagessporting events and alcohol are intertwined. Social drinking has always been a part of the sporting spectrum, whether at a tailgate party, sports bar, professional stadium or arena, and even at home. Collegiate sporting events are no exception to this popular pastime. However, alcohol is not available at every NCAA sporting event. According to Mitchell (2015), only 25% of FBS colleges allow the sale of alcohol at sporting events. Obviously, the main conc ern for not allowing alcohol at sporting eventsRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcohol Use Disorder Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Use Disorder, most commonly known as Alcohol Abuse or Alcohol Dependence, is widely known as problem that occurs with individuals who consumes an enormous amount of alcohol on a regular basis often in a single use. The individual is consumed with the thought of drinking most of the time and often feel as though they need it to continue with living their daily lives, even though, they are not really living at all because the enormous amount of alcohol causes a dysfunction for their dailyRead MoreAlcohol : Alcohol And Alcohol3289 Words   |  14 PagesEnglish 12 January 28, 2015 Alcohol Issues Alcohol is a drink that has been used differently around the world. Alcohol not only plays a role in religion in the present, it also plays a role in the past. Alcohol has been made with honey and juice for thousands of years. There was a type of alcohol that was made in early China around 7000 B.C. In India, there was alcohol called sura and this was used between 2000 and 3000 B.C. and this beverage was made from condensed rice. Alcohol could also be made fromRead MoreAlcohol Articles On Alcohol And Alcohol848 Words   |  4 Pages Alcohol articles (CT-1) above alcohol article said about how alcohol made up of and it’s effect. How people become addict with it. Why people using alcohol and how it affects our community. (CT-2) In my opinion I believe the authors of the article were saying that due to the misuse of alcohol teenagers, high school student and college students were dying a lots due to car accident. Author try to said that if reader is alcohol abuse than they should their habitsRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages Dependance on alcohol has been around ever since its creation and records of writing existed. From Biblical commandments clearly restricting the drink due to its destructive and addictive nature to the celebrities on tv screens and music devices glorifying the substance, alcohol has always been part of various cultures. Being the number one drug problem in the U.S with over 12 million people reportedly being alcoholics and of those 7 million being binge drinkers between the ages 12-20, it comesRead MoreThe Reaction Of The Alcohols1511 Words   |  7 Pages The alcohols 1-propanol and 2-pentanol were converted into alkyl halides through a certain series of steps. The first step was reflux, and the purpose of reflux is to add energy to the solution and not lose any solution to evaporation. This energy helps initiate the acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction and also promotes rearrangement. The next step was distillation, which functioned to separate liquids based on boiling points. The distillation utilizes boiling points to separate the alkyl halide

Automotive Industry Free Essays

The auto industry has been the core of the American nation, its living an American dream. I will focus of the car manufacturing industry in this article. We have always been very proud of the cars we made. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our cars were an extension of America; they were big, beautiful and made a statement. The reason I chose to write about the auto industry is that I have always felt that the auto industry is like the heartbeat of the American industry, what better way to talk about the impact of macro economic changes on this industry. I will talk about some of the basics of the industry and how it has changed in the last few decades and how we are placed now. I will compare the American companies against the other companies and analyze how the changes in the macro economic environment are affecting companies from America and the companies from other parts of the world. History of the industry Carol Loomis in The tragedy of General Motors mentions that the auto industry in America is just over a hundred years old; Ford completed its 100 years a few quarters back and the rest are getting there. We have always been known for our big 3. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. Chrysler is now of course Daimler Chrysler and the other 2 can always use tie ups with other companies to take themselves forward. The major change in the last few years has been the rise of oil prices. We always loved our Hummers and the big SUV’s, they seemed to be the right choice for every user but off the last few years that choice has suddenly become a very expensive passion, it has become like playing golf, you spend a decent amount of money every time you play golf and you end up spending a decent amount of money every time you run your SUV. That is the why nowadays, the success is in smaller or mid sized cars and smaller SUV’s. the average fuel prices are across America are expected to be at $2.71 per gallon and its getting very expensive compared to the good days when we could get gas for less than a dollar a gallon. This change in gas prices has affected the kind of choices consumers are making. The consumers were choosing the small and easy to drive Japanese cars for a long while but the lucrative SUV market was still a place where GM and Ford used to make lots of money, but now that markets has gradually and now rapidly dwindled. Let us see how the major manufacturers are doing in the industry. How to cite Automotive Industry, Essays Automotive Industry Free Essays string(145) " Business Continuity Planning PhasesProject management and initiationVolkswagen need to identify the risks behind the issue of emission scandal\." Auto is a large industry which mainly engaged in manufacture, design, development, sales and marketing of vehicles. Globally, it is one of the most crucial economic sector. According to the researchers, there are 806 million vehicles includes cars on the road in 2007, which consumes 980 billion litres of petrol and diesel yearly, (Wikipedia. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2018). Therefore, automobile is a major mode of transportation for many country economies. In this industry, safety is crucial means the user or manufacturer do not meet any risk from motor vehicle or its parts. Thus, automobile have to follow with the rules and regulations. The standard ISO 26262 is the most proper practice framework to reach automotive functional safety, (Wikipedia. 2018). However, in safety issues, the product may flaw or fault during manufacturing, hence the manufacturer can ask to return the vehicle. This is called as ‘product recall’. Product and operation inspections have many levels to avoid the products recalls by ensure security, (Wikipedia. 2018). Despite, the automotive industry really concern about recalls, which cause financial problems. Volkswagen Volkswagen is a German auto manufacturer which founded by German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler in May 28, 1937, (Wikipedia. 2018). Its head office located in Wolfsburg, German, (Volkswagen. 2018). Volkswagen is one of the leading automotive manufacturer and biggest producer in Europe, (Volkswagen. 2018). As well as, it is biggest sales marque of Volkswagen Group which is the largest automaker in worldwide, (Volkswagen. 2018). It is in charge of many brands includes Volkswagen, Audi, Lamborghini, SEAT, Scania, Ducati, MAN, Bentley, Bugatti and Skoda, (Volkswagen. 2018).As great achievements, Volkswagen performed sales record of 6.29 million vehicle in 2010 with market share at 11.4 percent, (Wikipedia. 2018). Volkswagen also is the third biggest automaker in year 2010 and second greatest manufacturer in the world in the year 2012, (Wikipedia. 2018). In addition, Volkswagen has manufacture facilities in many countries includes United States, Russia, Mexico, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Argentina, Brazil, Portugal, Poland, Spain, Bosnia, Kenya and South Africa, (Wikipedia. 2018). Volkswagen is one of the successful company that listed by Forbes Global 2000 in 2011, (Wikipedia. 2018). Therefore, Volkswagen has goal of become world’s greatest auto manufacturer by 2018, but its emission scandal issue caused the organization to drop of market capitalization, (Volkswagen. 2018). Volkswagen Emissions Violation The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) which a non-profitable council tried to provide independent research to environmental regulation agencies, (Zhou, A. 2016). Therefore, it selected West Virginia University to conduct the emission tests. Volkswagen encouraged it diesel cars as an environmental friendly and fuel efficient vehicles, which earned some high revenue. However, one of the professor named Arvind Thiruvengadam noted that Volkswagen has some fraud on diesel emissions, (Zhou, A. 2016). As continuous research, the ICCT suspected that Volkswagen has fixed fault device, (Zhou, A. 2016). Generally, computer on test accept the changes in how the emissions control system and vehicle can choose only few. But, Volkswagen’s device can do more. Therefore, the ICCT summarized and submitted all the gathered information to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). On September 2015, the EPA issued a notice of Clean Air Act to Volkswagen Group, (Wikipedia. 2018). The Volkswagen had violated the Clean Air Act by illegally installed software into diesel cars to cheat emission tests, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, this test to control the nitrogen oxide level, but it released up to 40 times more nitrogen oxide when driving, (Zhou, A. 2016). Moreover, Volkswagen also admitted that had been applied this software in 11 million cars worldwide, (Zhou, A. 2016). Later, EPA also found modified software fitted into Porsche, Audi and some Volkswagen models, (Zhou, A. 2016).Responses In order to compensate, Volkswagen commanded voluntary recall, make public apology and the CEO with other directors of the organization resigned, (Zhou, A. 2016). The Volkswagen Group is also facing lawsuits and criminal charges and hence future of the organization is hopeless, (Wikipedia. 2018). As a step towards to solve, Volkswagen former CEO Martin Winterkorn released a video apology when the company under fire. In his statement, â€Å"I apologize sincerely to our customer, regulatory agencies and the public for misbehaviour†, said by Winterkorn in German, (Groden, C. 2015). More than that, Volkswagen current CEO Matthias Muller also has apologized for emission test cheating, (France, A. 2016). Beside public apologies, Volkswagen promised to reserve 6.5 billion euros to use make cars follow with pollution standards, (Zhou, A. 2016). Although, its looks big amount, but it is only the half year of company profit. Furthermore, Volkswagen meet 3.3 billion euro lawsuit and experience some criminal cases, (Zhou, A. 2016). In the United States, the company encountered fine up to $30,000 per car, (Zhou, A. 2016). In addition, the share price of Volkswagen fell over 20 percent, (Kollewe, J. 2016). Moreover, Volkswagen officially announced ‘vehicle recall’ which recalls the 83,000 three litre diesel vehicles with model year between 2009 and 2015, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). Volkswagen also spend $225 million to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). The company also give $25 million to California Air Resources Board to support the free emission vehicles, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). Apart from that, Volkswagen Group CEO Martin Winterkorn resigned and head of brand development Heinz-Jakob Neusser, Porsche research and development director, Wolfgang Hatz, and Audi research and development director, Ulrich Hackenberg were suspended, (Wikipedia. 2018). Further, the Volkswagen headquarter and other branches were raided for further investigation, (Zhou, A. 2016).It Is Effective Although Volkswagen responded with public apology, lawsuit and voluntary recall on its emission violation, it is not much effective ways to overcome from the reputation risk. The Volkswagen still not regain the consumer trust. The organization should use the business continuity plan to recover the business with higher profit. Alternative Solution Volkswagen Group is still facing many problems of establishing credibility to their customers. Hence, I suggest business continuity plan (BCP) that can apply into the Volkswagen business. The BCP is a plan to help that business process can continue during the disaster. In this case, Volkswagen emission scandal is man-made disaster whereby the business is not able to continue in normal conditions. The 5 Business Continuity Planning PhasesProject management and initiationVolkswagen need to identify the risks behind the issue of emission scandal. You read "Automotive Industry" in category "Papers" Therefore, the primary risk of this company is image risk as known as reputation risk. Reputation risk can loss result from damages to the company’s reputation. Thus, this risk affected the Volkswagen company’s revenue which is went drop, increased operating expenses including compensation and fines and also kills corporate trust of consumers and stakeholders. Next, legal risk is also one of the main risk which also need to consider. Volkswagen need to face legal risk includes fine and criminal charges to cheat the government. Moreover, the Volkswagen also need to establish new management team. Management team includes IT coordinator, business continuity coordinator (BCC), crisis manager. IT coordinator to provide advice on best programming and provide technical support for system. In this case, the IT experts of Volkswagen installed defeat device. They cheated on programming writing code. Next, Volkswagen can hire business continuity coordinator who develop and maintain the business continuity plans. They also responsible for the critical situation which identify the risk, and provide solution to minimize the risks. Volkswagen also can hire crisis manager who responsible for disaster recovery and responsible for communication with insurance agent. Business Impact AnalysisAs an impact of reputation risk, Volkswagen loss trust credibility among the customers and shareholders. More than that, Volkswagen became the target of regulatory investigations in many countries. In fact, one of the German newspaper labelled this issue as â€Å"most expensive act of stupidity in the history of the car industry†, (Zhou, A. 2016). After this news, immediately Volkswagen’s stock price fell, (Zhou, A. 2016).The Volkswagen also affected on legal risk which facing some lawsuits and fines, (Edwards, J. 2016). The United States Justice Department has sued Volkswagen with $48 billons under environmental laws, (Edwards, J. 2016). It also give $14.7 billion as penalties to the Clean Air Act violation, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, the total loss of Volkswagen Group based on this emission scandal issue is almost $90 billion which is consider the deep loss in Volkswagen history, (Edwards, J. 2016). Beside financial loss, it also polluted the environment. The scandal tragedy released extensive amounts of nitrogen oxide. It is polluted the environment. Moreover, nitrogen oxide cause smog, greenhouse effect, acid rain and tropospheric ozone which associated with health effect such as respiratory problem includes lungs irritation, wheezing, asthma, emphysema. Nitrogen oxide also cause damaging vegetation which reduce growth of plants.Recovery strategiesThe Volkswagen Group primarily affected by reputation (image) risk. It damaged its image and facing problems of establishing credibility to customers and stakeholders. Thus, to recover from this issue, have some recovery solutions such as Volkswagen can restart the business in new name, partnership with independent agency and issue the bond, (Zhou, A. 2016). Volkswagen should use these solutions to restore credibility to its company.Re-brandingAs known as, Volkswagen is a worldwide brand and it is the largest car company in the world. Hence, the scandal issue is not forgotten easily, unless restart the business with new name. Re-branding may improve the brand image and it make easier for the business to speed up efficient program, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, re-branding is an expensive and have high risk, but it will reduce bad publicity of the organization, (Zhou, A. 2016). If Volkswagen ready to rebrand its business, it should develop company with greener environment and corporate social responsible (CSR), (Zhou, A. 2016). The company reputation will increase when it give more importance for environmental friendly and sustainability. Thus, the re-branding company should collaborate with Federal Trade Commission which give importance to sustainability work, (Zhou, A. 2016). More than that, the re-branding company should concentrate on minimizing energy consumption, saving water, minimizing carbon emission and reducing waste. Further, the re-branding company can engage with communities or NGOs to show the public that they have care about society, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, these are helpful to use social marketing as a recovery strategy that increase the company’s image. Partnership with Independent Verification AgencyEven though Volkswagen have its own audit team to inspect their vehicles emissions, the organization should partnership with the external independent agency to regain the customer’s trust. Thus, there are some independent verification agency includes Fair Labour Association (FLA), World Business Council for sustainable Development (WCSBD), Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), (Zhou, A. 2016). As more information of these independent agencies, FLA has own Code of Conduct and sustainable compliance methodology, (Zhou, A. 2016). The WCSBD is a global network which handle recent sustainable development issues, (Zhou, A. 2016). LMOP is a voluntary program which focus to reduce the methane emissions from land by using renewable energy, (Zhou, A. 2016). Finally, FTC that mainly focus on customer protection, (Zhou, A. 2016).However, if Volkswagen partnership with any independent verification agency, then not only can rebuild the consumer trust, but also can get rewards and recognition from NGOs based on CSR practices. More, if Volkswagen partnership with prestigious global organization will give stronger credibility. Issue a bondAnother recovery method to achieve again the customer trust is Volkswagen should issue bond. This is because bond is benchmark of credibility. Also Volkswagen can announced that if again the cheating is happen, they will pay a bond to the European Commissions, (Zhou, A. 2016). This will motivate the regulators to be strict in audit. Hence, the amount can use for develop environment good vehicle, decarbonisation of engine and information technology infrastructure. Volkswagen should issue high price bond, thus customer will know that the company regret on emission scandal issue. This is because Volkswagen Company have many assets. In order to invest this bond, Volkswagen should sell its assets or any branch. For example, oil price in increasing rapidly, thus Volkswagen should sell its companies to make environmental good vehicles such as electric vehicle. If Volkswagen can capitalized, then it became the great company in automotive industry.Information technology infrastructureVolkswagen should use advance information technology. Therefore, it made advancement in infrastructure of vehicles includes emission control system, safety features and audio system. After this scandal issue, people do not buy Volkswagen car, thus using technology in emissions control system will attract customers. Volkswagen may use technologies to control nitrogen oxide includes selective catalytic reduction (SCR), Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), Lean NOx traps (LNTs) and Lean NOx catalysts (LNCs), (MECA. 2007). The SCR is a reducing agent which able to reduce nitrogen oxide from 75 to 90 percent, (MECA. 2007). EGR technology reduce lowest engine emission which can reduce 50 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions, (MECA. 2007). Moreover, LNTs is more efficient technology which able to minimize up to 80 percent meanwhile LNCs is only able to reduce 10 to 40 percent of nitrogen oxide from emission which using hydrocarbon in exhaust, (MECA. 2007). Plan design and developmentAfter recovery strategies, Volkswagen should plan to publish the recovery plans. For example, Volkswagen interacting with external groups includes customers, and media. It can use social media and advertise the new plan through Facebook, YouTube and watt sap. Makes everyone knows about the new plans of Volkswagen. Therefore, people may forgot the previous scandal issue and this will improve the Volkswagen’s image as well.Testing, maintenance, awareness and trainingHowever, measure the success by testing. Volkswagen can test the plans which execute by the company. This will also improve the plans. There are several kind of tests includes checklist test, walk through and recovery simulation test. Let say, if the company found any problem while testing they can do maintenance. Meaning can modify the technical problems and for more efficient can do internal and external audit. This will identify the mistaken of the process. Meanwhile, it is also important to Volkswagen to having business continuity plan training and awareness. This will increase the value of the company and reduce costs by managing risk. For example, Volkswagen should provide training and awareness campaign to all level of employees who working in the company. Hence, this will improve the business continuity knowledge and skills among the staffs.Recommendation In order to overcome the reputation risk, first Volkswagen should focus on contract design of agent that make penalty or rewards. For example, European Commission or Environmental Protection Agency are non-profitable agencies, (Zhou, A. 2016). Therefore, Volkswagen should have up to date information detailed outlines. Next, screening and selection mechanisms to minimize the irregular information, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). For evidence, if the Volkswagen hired trust employees then this emissions scandal may not happened. Furthermore, Volkswagen should manipulated by agents, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). The agent can carry out random audits to monitor the company.In other hand, Volkswagen should comply environmental regulations, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). This will increase company’s reputation. Meanwhile, Volkswagen’s managers and employees are responsible for law and order to get corporate governance outcome. If the corporate governance standard is high, then company such as Volkswagen do not able to fraud in future. How to cite Automotive Industry, Papers

An Unfortunate Accident The Family Betrayal s Essay Example For Students

An Unfortunate Accident: The Family Betrayal s Essay My trembling hands clutch the crinkled bed sheets. They tighten their grasp as I slowly lift my eyelids and bring myself back to reality. A haze shields my vision. As I attempt to raise my head, a chain suffocates me, dragging my body back onto the hospital bed. My fingers swiftly crawl up my chest, recklessly clinging to my neck, trying to identify the restraint. A neck brace. Now that I take a look at my broken body, I see a several layers of bandaged tapes, with crimson marks seeping through, covering my injured arms and bruised legs. I wince at the thought of blood and slip back into unconscious. A sharp pain emerges from my shoulder as a voice follows. â€Å"Mr. Anderson! Hello! Are you with us?† I find the nurse’s firm yet gentle hand placed near my collar bone. While angering every bone in my body, I manage prop my head up to get a clear view of the woman. â€Å"No, I’m dead,† I mutter under my breath. â€Å"I’m sorry, did you say something, Mr. Anderson?† â€Å"No, nothing at all. Everything’s fine. Thank you. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"Well, the doctor will be with you in a shortly, so stay awake.†The nurse.