Learn More About the History of the United States Postal Service

Become familiar with the History of the United States Postal Service On July 26, 1775, individuals from the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, concurred . . . that a Postmaster General be designated for the United States, who will hold his office at Philadelphia, and will be permitted a compensation of 1,000 dollars for every annum . . . . That straightforward articulation flagged the introduction of the Post Office Department, the forerunner of the United States Postal Service and the second most established office or organization of the present United States of America. Pilgrim TimesIn early pioneer times, reporters relied upon companions, shippers, and Native Americans to convey messages between the provinces. Notwithstanding, most correspondence ran between the settlers and England, their homeland. It was largelyto handle this mail, in 1639, the principal official notification of a postal help in the settlements showed up. The General Court of Massachusetts assigned Richard Fairbanks bar in Boston as the official store of mail brought from or sent abroad, in accordance with the training in England and different countries to utilize cafés and bars as mail drops. Nearby specialists worked post courses inside the states. At that point, in 1673, Governor Francis Lovelace of New York set up a month to month post between New York and Boston. The administration was of brief length, yet the post riders trail got known as the Old Boston Post Road, some portion of todays U.S. Highway 1. William Penn set up Pennsylvanias first mail station in 1683. In the South, private delegates, generally slaves, associated the enormous manors; a hoard head of tobacco was the punishment for neglecting to transfer mail to the following estate. Focal postal association went to the states simply after 1691 when Thomas Neale got a 21-year award from the British Crown for a North American postal assistance. Neale never visited America. Rather, he designated Governor Andrew Hamilton of New Jersey as his Deputy Postmaster General. Neales establishment cost him just 80 pennies per year however was no deal; he passed on vigorously paying off debtors, in 1699, subsequent to doling out his inclinations in America to Andrew Hamilton and another Englishman, R. West. In 1707, the British Government purchased the rights toward the North American postal help from West and the widow of Andrew Hamilton. It at that point selected John Hamilton, Andrews child, as Deputy Postmaster General of America. He served until 1721 when he was prevailing by John Lloyd of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1730, Alexander Spotswood, a previous lieutenant legislative head of Virginia, became Deputy Postmaster General for America. His most outstanding accomplishment likely was the arrangement of Benjamin Franklin as postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737. Franklin was just 31 years of age at that point, the battling printer and distributer of The Pennsylvania Gazette. Later he would get one of the most well known men of his age. Two different Virginians succeeded Spotswood: Head Lynch in 1739 and Elliot Benger in 1743. When Benger kicked the bucket in 1753, Franklin and William Hunter, postmaster of Williamsburg, Virginia, were named by the Crown as Joint Postmasters General for the states. Tracker passed on in 1761, and John Foxcroft of New York succeeded him, serving until the flare-up of the Revolution. During his time as a Joint Postmaster General for the Crown, Franklin affected numerous significant and enduring upgrades in the frontier posts. He quickly started to redesign the administration, setting out on a long visit to assess post workplaces in the North and others as far south as Virginia. New reviews were made, achievements were set on head streets, and new and shorter courses spread out. Just because, post riders conveyed mail around evening time among Philadelphia and New York, with the movement time abbreviated by in any event half. In 1760, Franklin revealed an excess to the British Postmaster General , a first for the postal assistance in North America. At the point when Franklin left office, post streets worked from Maine to Florida and from New York to Canada, and mail between the provinces and the homeland worked on an ordinary calendar, with posted occasions. Also, to direct post workplaces and review accounts, the situation of assessor was made in 1772; this is viewed as the forerunner of todays Postal Inspection Service. By 1774, be that as it may, the homesteaders saw the regal mail station with doubt. Franklin was excused by the Crown for activities thoughtful to the reason for the provinces. Soon after, William Goddard, a printer and paper distributer (whose father had been postmaster of New London, Connecticut, under Franklin) set up a Constitutional Post for between provincial mail administration. Settlements financed it by membership, and net incomes were to be utilized to improve the postal help as opposed to be taken care of to the endorsers. By 1775, when the Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, Goddards provincial post was thriving, and 30 post workplaces worked between Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Williamsburg. Mainland Congress After the Boston revolts in September 1774, the provinces started to isolate from the homeland. A Continental Congress was sorted out at Philadelphia in May 1775 to build up a free government. One of the main inquiries before the representatives was the means by which to pass on and convey the mail. Benjamin Franklin, recently came back from England, was delegated director of a Committee of Investigation to build up a postal framework. The report of the Committee, accommodating the arrangement of a postmaster general for the 13 American settlements, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was designated Postmaster General, the main delegated under the Continental Congress; the foundation of the association that turned into the United States Postal Service almost two centuries later follows back to this date. Richard Bache, Franklins child in-law, was named Comptroller, and William Goddard was delegated Surveyor. Franklin served until November 7, 1776. Americas present Postal Service drops in a solid line from the framework he arranged and set in activity, and history legitimately concurs him significant credit for building up the premise of the postal help that has performed wonderfully for the American individuals. Article IX of the Articles of Confederation, endorsed in 1781, gave Congress The sole and selective right and force . . . building up and controlling post workplaces starting with one State then onto the next . . . also, demanding such postage on papers going through equivalent to might be essential to settle the costs of the said office . . . . The initial three Postmasters GeneralBenjamin Franklin, Richard Bache, and Ebenezer Hazardwere delegated by, and answered to, Congress. Postal laws and guidelines were updated and classified in the Ordinance of October 18, 1782. The Post Office Department Following the reception of the Constitution in May 1789, the Act of September 22, 1789 (1 Stat. 70), briefly settled a mail station and made the Office of the Postmaster General. On September 26, 1789, George Washington designated Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts as the primary Postmaster General under the Constitution. Around then there were 75 post workplaces and around 2,000 miles of post streets, in spite of the fact that as late as 1780 the postal staff comprised uniquely of a Postmaster General, a Secretary/Comptroller, three assessors, one Inspector of Dead Letters, and 26 post riders. The Postal Service was incidentally proceeded by the Act of August 4, 1790 (1 Stat. 178), and the Act of March 3, 1791 (1 Stat. 218). The Act of February 20, 1792, made nitty gritty arrangements for the Post Office. Resulting enactment amplified the obligations of the Post Office, reinforced and bound together its association, and gave rules and guidelines to its turn of events. Philadelphia was the seat of government and postal base camp until 1800. At the point when the Post Office moved to Washington, D.C., in that year, authorities had the option to convey every single postal record, furniture, and supplies in two pony drawn carts. In 1829, upon the greeting of President Andrew Jackson, William T. Barry of Kentucky turned into the primary Postmaster General to sit as an individual from the Presidents Cabinet. His forerunner, John McLean of Ohio, started alluding to the Post Office, or General Post Office as it was in some cases called, as the Post Office Department, yet it was not explicitly settled as an official division by Congress until June 8, 1872. Around this period, in 1830, an Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations was set up as the analytical and examination part of the Post Office Department. The leader of that office, P. S. Loughborough, is viewed as the primary Chief Postal Inspector.

Indo-Anglican Novel: Meena Shirwadkar Essay examples -- indian women

With the approach of the twentieth century, the adjustment in the sculpture and soul of ladies has been noted by sociologists. In post-autonomy India, when women’s instruction initiated, life had begun evolving. The spread of instruction instilled a feeling of uniqueness among ladies and stimulated an enthusiasm for their privileges. The early essayists introduced the customary kind (sita) yet the authors attempted to show the developing new lady. The new lady wouldn't like to lead an inactive wedded existence of a conciliatory and shadowy animal on the grounds that the instruction has developed her feeling of distinction. R.K.Narayanan depicts a wide scope of ladylike characters from ordinary to defiant. Mulk Raj Anand composed for the liberation of ladies. In addition women's activist patterns showed up not too far off and they clashed with the customary good code. The picture of lady in writing in ongoing decades is not quite the same as that of the past. Indian English fic tion authors during the most recent two many years of the twentieth century give a brief look into the female mind and manage a full scope of ladylike experience. An investigation of the ongoing Indian English fiction uncovers that the female heroes are very aware of their personality and are not, at this point quiet and accommodating. There is a stamped distinction in their mentality when contrasted with the depiction of lady in early writing. In ‘Images of lady in Indo-Anglican Novel’, Meena Shirwadkar claims the adjustments in Indian culture. Books have begun to advance from delineating ladies characters exclusively as exemplifications of torment and womanly uprightness as depicting increasingly perplexing just as genuine characters. In the ongoing years, this was taken to comprehend that composing was the main inclination made by ladies. Thereby of ex... ...ndian ladies authors advocates autonomy and confidence of ladies by portraying their characters as survivors who effectively bear torment both physical and enthusiastic. They should speak loudly against the brutalities and savagery which is brought about by the general public. They will in general reprimand the male overwhelming society which disheartens independence in ladies. Works Cited: Seshadri, Vijayalakshmi. The New ladies in India-English Women Writers Since the 1970. Delhi: B.R. Distributing Corporation. 1995. Lakshmi C.S. The Face behind the veil : Women in Tamil writing, Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division ,1984. Shirwadkar, Meena. ‘Image of Woman in Indo-Anglican Novel’, Sterling Publishers Pvt., Ltd., 1979. Dhawan, R.K. ed ‘Indian Literature Today’. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1994. Iyengar, K. R. S. ‘Indian Writing in English’ , New Delhi : Sterling Publication, 1985.

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The fact/statistic about our applicant pool this week is undergraduate major listed on the application.   50 majors fit into what I would call standard categories while number 4 is the other category. Category of undergraduate major is not particularly tied in any way to how we view an application.   If I would have applied to SIPA I would have been in the 7 slot, and my minor was number 3 . . . perhaps another reason I should have chosen SIPA over B school =) 1      Economics 2      International Affairs 3      Political Science 4      OTHER NOT LISTED 5      Business Administration 6      English 7      History 8      Finance 9      Government 10      Law 11      Engineering 12      Sociology 13      Journalism 14      Communications 15      Anthropology 16      Interdisciplinary 17      International Business 18      Psychology 19      Public Affairs 20      Philosophy 21      East Asian Studies 22      Biology 23      Spanish 24      Mathematics 25      French 26      Accounting 27      Regional Studies 28      Electrical Engineering Computer Science 29      Religion 30      Computer Science 31      Physics 32      Civil Engineering 33      Education 34      Russian 35      Latin American Studies 36      Urban Studies 37      Comparative Literature 38      German 39      Literature 40      American Studies 41      Fine Arts 42      Classics 43      Geography 44      Earth Environmental Engineering 45      Linguistics 46      Art History 47      Korean 48      Chemistry 49      Womens Studies 50      Japanese 51      Italian